#+title: GPTel: A simple LLM client for Emacs
[[https://melpa.org/#/gptel][file:https://melpa.org/packages/gptel-badge.svg]]
GPTel is a simple Large Language Model chat client for Emacs, with support for multiple models and backends.
| LLM Backend | Supports | Requires |
|-----------------+----------+---------------------------|
| ChatGPT | ✓ | [[https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys][API key]] |
| Azure | ✓ | Deployment and API key |
| Ollama | ✓ | [[https://ollama.ai/][Ollama running locally]] |
| GPT4All | ✓ | [[https://gpt4all.io/index.html][GPT4All running locally]] |
| Gemini | ✓ | [[https://makersuite.google.com/app/apikey][API key]] |
| Llama.cpp | ✓ | [[https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/tree/master/examples/server#quick-start][Llama.cpp running locally]] |
| Llamafile | ✓ | [[https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart][Local Llamafile server]] |
| Kagi FastGPT | ✓ | [[https://kagi.com/settings?p=api][API key]] |
| Kagi Summarizer | ✓ | [[https://kagi.com/settings?p=api][API key]] |
| together.ai | ✓ | [[https://api.together.xyz/settings/api-keys][API key]] |
| Anyscale | ✓ | [[https://docs.endpoints.anyscale.com/][API key]] |
*General usage*: ([[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsRnh_brggM][YouTube Demo]])
https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/230516812-86510a09-a2fb-4cbd-b53f-cc2522d05a13.mp4
https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/230516816-ae4a613a-4d01-4073-ad3f-b66fa73c6e45.mp4
*Multi-LLM support demo*:
https://github-production-user-asset-6210df.s3.amazonaws.com/8607532/278854024-ae1336c4-5b87-41f2-83e9-e415349d6a43.mp4
- It's async and fast, streams responses.
- Interact with LLMs from anywhere in Emacs (any buffer, shell, minibuffer, wherever)
- LLM responses are in Markdown or Org markup.
- Supports conversations and multiple independent sessions.
- Save chats as regular Markdown/Org/Text files and resume them later.
- You can go back and edit your previous prompts or LLM responses when continuing a conversation. These will be fed back to the model.
- Don't like gptel's workflow? Use it to create your own for any supported model/backend with a [[https://github.com/karthink/gptel/wiki#defining-custom-gptel-commands][simple API]].
GPTel uses Curl if available, but falls back to url-retrieve to work without external dependencies.
** Contents :toc:
- [[#installation][Installation]]
- [[#straight][Straight]]
- [[#manual][Manual]]
- [[#doom-emacs][Doom Emacs]]
- [[#spacemacs][Spacemacs]]
- [[#setup][Setup]]
- [[#chatgpt][ChatGPT]]
- [[#other-llm-backends][Other LLM backends]]
- [[#azure][Azure]]
- [[#gpt4all][GPT4All]]
- [[#ollama][Ollama]]
- [[#gemini][Gemini]]
- [[#llamacpp-or-llamafile][Llama.cpp or Llamafile]]
- [[#kagi-fastgpt--summarizer][Kagi (FastGPT & Summarizer)]]
- [[#togetherai][together.ai]]
- [[#anyscale][Anyscale]]
- [[#usage][Usage]]
- [[#in-any-buffer][In any buffer:]]
- [[#in-a-dedicated-chat-buffer][In a dedicated chat buffer:]]
- [[#save-and-restore-your-chat-sessions][Save and restore your chat sessions]]
- [[#faq][FAQ]]
- [[#i-want-the-window-to-scroll-automatically-as-the-response-is-inserted][I want the window to scroll automatically as the response is inserted]]
- [[#i-want-the-cursor-to-move-to-the-next-prompt-after-the-response-is-inserted][I want the cursor to move to the next prompt after the response is inserted]]
- [[#i-want-to-change-the-formatting-of-the-prompt-and-llm-response][I want to change the formatting of the prompt and LLM response]]
- [[#i-want-the-transient-menu-options-to-be-saved-so-i-only-need-to-set-them-once][I want the transient menu options to be saved so I only need to set them once]]
- [[#i-want-to-use-gptel-in-a-way-thats-not-supported-by-gptel-send-or-the-options-menu][I want to use gptel in a way that's not supported by =gptel-send= or the options menu]]
- [[#doom-emacs-sending-a-query-from-the-gptel-menu-fails-because-of-a-key-conflict-with-org-mode][(Doom Emacs) Sending a query from the gptel menu fails because of a key conflict with Org mode]]
- [[#chatgpt-i-get-the-error-http2-429-you-exceeded-your-current-quota][(ChatGPT) I get the error "(HTTP/2 429) You exceeded your current quota"]]
- [[#why-another-llm-client][Why another LLM client?]]
- [[#additional-configuration][Additional Configuration]]
- [[#alternatives][Alternatives]]
- [[#extensions-using-gptel][Extensions using GPTel]]
- [[#breaking-changes][Breaking Changes]]
- [[#acknowledgments][Acknowledgments]]
** Installation
GPTel is on MELPA. Ensure that MELPA is in your list of sources, then install gptel with =M-x package-install⏎= =gptel=.
(Optional: Install =markdown-mode=.)
#+html:
**** Straight
#+html:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(straight-use-package 'gptel)
#+end_src
Installing the =markdown-mode= package is optional.
#+html:
#+html:
**** Manual
#+html:
Clone or download this repository and run =M-x package-install-file⏎= on the repository directory.
Installing the =markdown-mode= package is optional.
#+html:
#+html:
**** Doom Emacs
#+html:
In =packages.el=
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(package! gptel)
#+end_src
In =config.el=
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(use-package! gptel
:config
(setq! gptel-api-key "your key"))
#+end_src
"your key" can be the API key itself, or (safer) a function that returns the key. Setting =gptel-api-key= is optional, you will be asked for a key if it's not found.
#+html:
#+html:
**** Spacemacs
#+html:
After installation with =M-x package-install⏎= =gptel=
- Add =gptel= to =dotspacemacs-additional-packages=
- Add =(require 'gptel)= to =dotspacemacs/user-config=
#+html:
** Setup
*** ChatGPT
Procure an [[https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys][OpenAI API key]].
Optional: Set =gptel-api-key= to the key. Alternatively, you may choose a more secure method such as:
- Storing in =~/.authinfo=. By default, "api.openai.com" is used as HOST and "apikey" as USER.
#+begin_src authinfo
machine api.openai.com login apikey password TOKEN
#+end_src
- Setting it to a function that returns the key.
*** Other LLM backends
#+html:
**** Azure
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(gptel-make-azure "Azure-1" ;Name, whatever you'd like
:protocol "https" ;Optional -- https is the default
:host "YOUR_RESOURCE_NAME.openai.azure.com"
:endpoint "/openai/deployments/YOUR_DEPLOYMENT_NAME/chat/completions?api-version=2023-05-15" ;or equivalent
:stream t ;Enable streaming responses
:key #'gptel-api-key
:models '("gpt-3.5-turbo" "gpt-4"))
#+end_src
Refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-azure= to set more parameters.
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel. (see [[#usage][Usage]])
If you want it to be the default, set it as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq-default gptel-backend (gptel-make-azure "Azure-1" ...)
gptel-model "gpt-3.5-turbo")
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** GPT4All
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(gptel-make-gpt4all "GPT4All" ;Name of your choosing
:protocol "http"
:host "localhost:4891" ;Where it's running
:models '("mistral-7b-openorca.Q4_0.gguf")) ;Available models
#+end_src
These are the required parameters, refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-gpt4all= for more.
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=. Additionally you may want to increase the response token size since GPT4All uses very short (often truncated) responses by default:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-model "mistral-7b-openorca.Q4_0.gguf" ;Pick your default model
gptel-backend (gptel-make-gpt4all "GPT4All" :protocol ...))
(setq-default gptel-max-tokens 500)
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** Ollama
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(gptel-make-ollama "Ollama" ;Any name of your choosing
:host "localhost:11434" ;Where it's running
:stream t ;Stream responses
:models '("mistral:latest")) ;List of models
#+end_src
These are the required parameters, refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-ollama= for more.
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-model "mistral:latest" ;Pick your default model
gptel-backend (gptel-make-ollama "Ollama" :host ...))
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** Gemini
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; :key can be a function that returns the API key.
(gptel-make-gemini "Gemini"
:key "YOUR_GEMINI_API_KEY"
:stream t)
#+end_src
These are the required parameters, refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-gemini= for more.
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-model "gemini-pro" ;Pick your default model
gptel-backend (gptel-make-gemini "Gemini" :host ...))
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
#+html:
**** Llama.cpp or Llamafile
#+html:
(If using a llamafile, run a [[https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#other-example-llamafiles][server llamafile]] instead of a "command-line llamafile", and a model that supports text generation.)
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; Llama.cpp offers an OpenAI compatible API
(gptel-make-openai "llama-cpp" ;Any name
:stream t ;Stream responses
:protocol "http"
:host "localhost:8000" ;Llama.cpp server location
:models '("test")) ;Any names, doesn't matter for Llama
#+end_src
These are the required parameters, refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-openai= for more.
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-backend (gptel-make-openai "llama-cpp" ...)
gptel-model "test")
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** Kagi (FastGPT & Summarizer)
#+html:
Kagi's FastGPT model and the Universal Summarizer are both supported. A couple of notes:
1. Universal Summarizer: If there is a URL at point, the summarizer will summarize the contents of the URL. Otherwise the context sent to the model is the same as always: the buffer text upto point, or the contents of the region if the region is active.
2. Kagi models do not support multi-turn conversations, interactions are "one-shot". They also do not support streaming responses.
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(gptel-make-kagi "Kagi" ;any name
:key "YOUR_KAGI_API_KEY") ;can be a function that returns the key
#+end_src
These are the required parameters, refer to the documentation of =gptel-make-kagi= for more.
You can pick this backend and the model (fastgpt/summarizer) from the transient menu when using gptel. Alternatively you can set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-model "fastgpt"
gptel-backend (gptel-make-kagi "Kagi" :key ...))
#+end_src
The alternatives to =fastgpt= include =summarize:cecil=, =summarize:agnes=, =summarize:daphne= and =summarize:muriel=. The difference between the summarizer engines is [[https://help.kagi.com/kagi/api/summarizer.html#summarization-engines][documented here]].
#+html:
#+html:
**** together.ai
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; Together.ai offers an OpenAI compatible API
(gptel-make-openai "TogetherAI" ;Any name you want
:host "api.together.xyz"
:key "your-api-key" ;can be a function that returns the key
:stream t
:models '(;; has many more, check together.ai
"mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1"
"codellama/CodeLlama-13b-Instruct-hf"
"codellama/CodeLlama-34b-Instruct-hf"))
#+end_src
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-backend (gptel-make-openai "TogetherAI" ...)
gptel-model "mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1")
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** Anyscale
#+html:
Register a backend with
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; Anyscale offers an OpenAI compatible API
(gptel-make-openai "Anyscale" ;Any name you want
:host "api.endpoints.anyscale.com"
:key "your-api-key" ;can be a function that returns the key
:models '(;; has many more, check anyscale
"mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1"))
#+end_src
You can pick this backend from the menu when using gptel (see [[#usage][Usage]]), or set this as the default value of =gptel-backend=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; OPTIONAL configuration
(setq-default gptel-backend (gptel-make-openai "Anyscale" ...)
gptel-model "mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1")
#+end_src
#+html:
** Usage
(This is also a [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsRnh_brggM][video demo]] showing various uses of gptel.)
|-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| *Command* | Description |
|-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| =gptel-send= | Send conversation up to =(point)=, or selection if region is active. Works anywhere in Emacs. |
| =gptel= | Create a new dedicated chat buffer. Not required to use gptel. |
| =C-u= =gptel-send= | Transient menu for preferences, input/output redirection etc. |
| =gptel-menu= | /(Same)/ |
|-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| =gptel-set-topic= | /(Org-mode only)/ Limit conversation context to an Org heading |
|-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*** In any buffer:
1. Call =M-x gptel-send= to send the text up to the cursor. The response will be inserted below. Continue the conversation by typing below the response.
2. If a region is selected, the conversation will be limited to its contents.
3. Call =M-x gptel-send= with a prefix argument to
- set chat parameters (GPT model, directives etc) for this buffer,
- to read the prompt from elsewhere or redirect the response elsewhere,
- or to replace the prompt with the response.
[[https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/230770018-9ce87644-6c17-44af-bd39-8c899303dce1.png]]
With a region selected, you can also rewrite prose or refactor code from here:
*Code*:
[[https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/230770162-1a5a496c-ee57-4a67-9c95-d45f238544ae.png]]
*Prose*:
[[https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/230770352-ee6f45a3-a083-4cf0-b13c-619f7710e9ba.png]]
*** In a dedicated chat buffer:
1. Run =M-x gptel= to start or switch to the chat buffer. It will ask you for the key if you skipped the previous step. Run it with a prefix-arg (=C-u M-x gptel=) to start a new session.
2. In the gptel buffer, send your prompt with =M-x gptel-send=, bound to =C-c RET=.
3. Set chat parameters (LLM provider, model, directives etc) for the session by calling =gptel-send= with a prefix argument (=C-u C-c RET=):
[[https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8607532/224946059-9b918810-ab8b-46a6-b917-549d50c908f2.png]]
That's it. You can go back and edit previous prompts and responses if you want.
The default mode is =markdown-mode= if available, else =text-mode=. You can set =gptel-default-mode= to =org-mode= if desired.
**** Save and restore your chat sessions
Saving the file will save the state of the conversation as well. To resume the chat, open the file and turn on =gptel-mode= before editing the buffer.
** FAQ
#+html:
**** I want the window to scroll automatically as the response is inserted
#+html:
To be minimally annoying, GPTel does not move the cursor by default. Add the following to your configuration to enable auto-scrolling.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'gptel-post-stream-hook 'gptel-auto-scroll)
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** I want the cursor to move to the next prompt after the response is inserted
#+html:
To be minimally annoying, GPTel does not move the cursor by default. Add the following to your configuration to move the cursor:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'gptel-post-response-functions 'gptel-end-of-response)
#+end_src
You can also call =gptel-end-of-response= as a command at any time.
#+html:
#+html:
**** I want to change the formatting of the prompt and LLM response
#+html:
For dedicated chat buffers: customize =gptel-prompt-prefix-alist= and =gptel-response-prefix-alist=. You can set a different pair for each major-mode.
Anywhere in Emacs: Use =gptel-pre-response-hook= and =gptel-post-response-functions=, which see.
#+html:
#+html:
**** I want the transient menu options to be saved so I only need to set them once
#+html:
Any model options you set are saved for the current buffer. But the redirection options in the menu are set for the next query only:
https://github.com/karthink/gptel/assets/8607532/2ecc6be9-aa52-4287-a739-ba06e1369ec2
You can make them persistent across this Emacs session by pressing ~C-x C-s~:
https://github.com/karthink/gptel/assets/8607532/b8bcb6ad-c974-41e1-9336-fdba0098a2fe
(You can also cycle through presets you've saved with ~C-x p~ and ~C-x n~.)
Now these will be enabled whenever you send a query from the transient menu. If you want to use these options without invoking the transient menu, you can use a keyboard macro:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;; Replace with your key to invoke the transient menu:
(keymap-global-set "" "C-u C-c ")
#+end_src
See [[https://github.com/karthink/gptel/issues/94#issuecomment-1657093458][this comment by Tianshu Wang]] for an Elisp solution.
#+html:
#+html:
**** I want to use gptel in a way that's not supported by =gptel-send= or the options menu
#+html:
GPTel's default usage pattern is simple, and will stay this way: Read input in any buffer and insert the response below it. Some custom behavior is possible with the transient menu (=C-u M-x gptel-send=).
For more programmable usage, gptel provides a general =gptel-request= function that accepts a custom prompt and a callback to act on the response. You can use this to build custom workflows not supported by =gptel-send=. See the documentation of =gptel-request=, and the [[https://github.com/karthink/gptel/wiki][wiki]] for examples.
#+html:
#+html:
**** (Doom Emacs) Sending a query from the gptel menu fails because of a key conflict with Org mode
#+html:
Doom binds ~RET~ in Org mode to =+org/dwim-at-point=, which appears to conflict with gptel's transient menu bindings for some reason.
Two solutions:
- Press ~C-m~ instead of the return key.
- Change the send key from return to a key of your choice:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(transient-suffix-put 'gptel-menu (kbd "RET") :key "")
#+end_src
#+html:
#+html:
**** (ChatGPT) I get the error "(HTTP/2 429) You exceeded your current quota"
#+html:
#+begin_quote
(HTTP/2 429) You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details.
#+end_quote
Using the ChatGPT (or any OpenAI) API requires [[https://platform.openai.com/account/billing/overview][adding credit to your account]].
#+html:
#+html:
**** Why another LLM client?
#+html:
Other Emacs clients for LLMs prescribe the format of the interaction (a comint shell, org-babel blocks, etc). I wanted:
1. Something that is as free-form as possible: query the model using any text in any buffer, and redirect the response as required. Using a dedicated =gptel= buffer just adds some visual flair to the interaction.
2. Integration with org-mode, not using a walled-off org-babel block, but as regular text. This way the model can generate code blocks that I can run.
#+html:
** Additional Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: f885adac-58a3-4eba-a6b7-91e9e7a17829
:END:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :exports none :results list
(let ((all))
(mapatoms (lambda (sym)
(when (and (string-match-p "^gptel-[^-]" (symbol-name sym))
(get sym 'variable-documentation))
(push sym all))))
all)
#+end_src
|---------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| *Connection options* | |
|---------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| =gptel-use-curl= | Use Curl (default), fallback to Emacs' built-in =url=. |
| =gptel-proxy= | Proxy server for requests, passed to curl via =--proxy=. |
| =gptel-api-key= | Variable/function that returns the API key for the active backend. |
|---------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------|
| *LLM options* | /(Note: not supported uniformly across LLMs)/ |
|-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------|
| =gptel-backend= | Default LLM Backend. |
| =gptel-model= | Default model to use, depends on the backend. |
| =gptel-stream= | Enable streaming responses, if the backend supports it. |
| =gptel-directives= | Alist of system directives, can switch on the fly. |
| =gptel-max-tokens= | Maximum token count (in query + response). |
| =gptel-temperature= | Randomness in response text, 0 to 2. |
|-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------+----------------------------------------|
| *Chat UI options* | |
|-----------------------------+----------------------------------------|
| =gptel-default-mode= | Major mode for dedicated chat buffers. |
| =gptel-prompt-prefix-alist= | Text inserted before queries. |
| =gptel-response-prefix-alist= | Text inserted before responses. |
| =gptel-use-header-line= | Display status messages in header-line (default) or minibuffer |
|-----------------------------+----------------------------------------|
** COMMENT Will you add feature X?
Maybe, I'd like to experiment a bit more first. Features added since the inception of this package include
- Curl support (=gptel-use-curl=)
- Streaming responses (=gptel-stream=)
- Cancelling requests in progress (=gptel-abort=)
- General API for writing your own commands (=gptel-request=, [[https://github.com/karthink/gptel/wiki][wiki]])
- Dispatch menus using Transient (=gptel-send= with a prefix arg)
- Specifying the conversation context size
- GPT-4 support
- Response redirection (to the echo area, another buffer, etc)
- A built-in refactor/rewrite prompt
- Limiting conversation context to Org headings using properties (#58)
- Saving and restoring chats (#17)
- Support for local LLMs.
Features being considered or in the pipeline:
- Fully stateless design (#17)
** Alternatives
Other Emacs clients for LLMs include
- [[https://github.com/xenodium/chatgpt-shell][chatgpt-shell]]: comint-shell based interaction with ChatGPT. Also supports DALL-E, executable code blocks in the responses, and more.
- [[https://github.com/rksm/org-ai][org-ai]]: Interaction through special =#+begin_ai ... #+end_ai= Org-mode blocks. Also supports DALL-E, querying ChatGPT with the contents of project files, and more.
There are several more: [[https://github.com/CarlQLange/chatgpt-arcana.el][chatgpt-arcana]], [[https://github.com/MichaelBurge/leafy-mode][leafy-mode]], [[https://github.com/iwahbe/chat.el][chat.el]]
*** Extensions using GPTel
These are packages that depend on GPTel to provide additional functionality
- [[https://github.com/kamushadenes/gptel-extensions.el][gptel-extensions]]: Extra utility functions for GPTel.
- [[https://github.com/kamushadenes/ai-blog.el][ai-blog.el]]: Streamline generation of blog posts in Hugo.
** Breaking Changes
- =gptel-post-response-hook= has been renamed to =gptel-post-response-functions=, and functions in this hook are now called with two arguments: the start and end buffer positions of the response. This should make it easy to act on the response text without having to locate it first.
- Possible breakage, see #120: If streaming responses stop working for you after upgrading to v0.5, try reinstalling gptel and deleting its native comp eln cache in =native-comp-eln-load-path=.
- The user option =gptel-host= is deprecated. If the defaults don't work for you, use =gptel-make-openai= (which see) to customize server settings.
- =gptel-api-key-from-auth-source= now searches for the API key using the host address for the active LLM backend, /i.e./ "api.openai.com" when using ChatGPT. You may need to update your =~/.authinfo=.
** Acknowledgments
- [[https://github.com/algal][Alexis Gallagher]] and [[https://github.com/d1egoaz][Diego Alvarez]] for fixing a nasty multi-byte bug with =url-retrieve=.
- [[https://github.com/tarsius][Jonas Bernoulli]] for the Transient library.
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